Cigarrette Smoking Should Be Banned - 607 Words

One person dies every six minutes due to a tobacco related disease, which results in a shocking amount of ten deaths per minute. Tobacco is one of the most heavily used addictive products in the United States. Tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals; approximately 250 are dangerously harmful to humans. Nicotine is the main ingredient in tobacco that causes addiction. Nicotine activates the parts of the brain that control feelings and pleasure. It only takes minutes for the effects of nicotine to disappear causing the smoker to take another puff to keep feeling good. Cigarette smoking is held accountable for one in every three cancer deaths. (Junior Scholastic, 2006) Smoking should be banned due to the many negative and dangerous consequences such as second hand smoke related illness, health risk to the user, and the waste of money. Since 1964, 2.5 million nonsmokers have died from exposure to secondhand smoke .Secondhand smoke is a mixture of two forms of smoking that come from burnin g tobacco. Side stream smoke is the smoke from the lighted end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar. The second type of smoke is mainstream smoke which is the smoke exhaled by the smoker. Side stream smoke contains higher concentrations of cancer causing agents and is more toxic than mainstream smoke. (CANCER.ORG) In adults, second-hand smoke causes serious cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and lung cancer. In infants second hand smoke can cause sudden death. (WHO | 10 facts on

Julius Caesar - 2287 Words

Study Guide for â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar† by William Shakespeare The following questions will help you to prepare for your eventual test over â€Å"Julius Caesar†. While I will not be collecting this, it is on you to make sure that you are answering the questions as we go. Your test will be taken directly from this study guide. Act I 1) Judging from the events in Act I, the political mood and behavior of the Romans are best described how? 2) When we first see Brutus, he appears to be ________________________. 3) Which line from Act I foreshadows what will happen to Caesar? 4) â€Å"Truly, sir†¦ I am but, as you would say, a cobbler† is an example of what literary device? 5) Cassius states, â€Å"Men at some time are masters of their fates: / The†¦show more content†¦35) How would one best describe the reaction of plebeians to the speeches by Brutus and Antony? 36) What is the difference between the two funeral orations? 37) Antony says to the assembled mob, â€Å"Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up / To such a sudden flood of mutiny.† What is Antony trying to do by saying this? 38) When does the turning point of the play occur? 39) After the conspirators kill Caesar, they bathe their hands and swords in his blood. How does this foreshadow the end of the play? What do you think will happen? 40) When Cassius speaks in an aside to Brutus about whether or not Antony should speak at Caesar’s funeral, who can hear him? Who else is on stage with him? 41) Why is Antony’s speech not considered a soliloquy? 42) Possible Essay question from Act III: In Scene 2, Antony turns a shocked and confused crowd of mourners into an angry mob of rioters. On a separate sheet of paper, be prepared to write a paragraph that describes how this transformation occurs. Cite at least three ways by which Antony achieves this effect. Act IV 43) Who is involved in the planned military conflict of Act IV? 44) In his attitude toward Lepidus, how is Antony characterized? 45) What is Brutus’ main motivation? 46) What issue stands between Brutus and Cassius? 47) In his treatment of Cassius, how is Brutus characterized? 48) Who is the poet who appears in Brutus’ tent in Scene 3? 49) Cassius and Brutus argue over where they should do battle withShow MoreRelatedThe Julius Caesar671 Words   |  3 Pages Julius Caesar is the one of the famous Roman generals. Many may recognize this name from the great works of Shakespeare. Before the great works of Shakespeare, Julius Caesar was famous in his Roman city which. Julius Caesar was a dictator that turned the Roman republic to the Roman Empire. Even though the life time of Julius Caesar took place in 100 BC – 44 BC, people everywhere will mention Caesar’s name and legacy. For starters, Julius Caesar’s time wasRead MoreJulius Caesar972 Words   |  4 PagesIn Shakespeare’s historic tragedy, Julius Caesar, Cassius struggles to take down Rome’s extremely admired leader, Caesar. To cause Caesar’s demise, Cassius must convince Brutus, Caesar’s trusted companion, to join him and the conspirators. In order to do this, Cassius goes through many steps to achieve this throughout act one, ending in the fall of Caesar later in the play. Before Cassius begins to arrange the assassination of Caesar, he must first not only gain Brutus’s approval, but also gainRead MoreShakespeare’s Julius Caesar Vs. Plutarch’s Julius Caesar1549 Words   |  7 Pageslike a colossusï ¿ ½(Julius Caesar 1.2.142-43). These words were spoken by Cassius, a character in Shakespeares play Julius Caesar. He is speaking about Julius Caesar and Caesars arrogance and overconfidence. This quote also shows how Shakespeare perceived Julius Caesar as a prominent and influential man of his time. However, this view is not shared by all of the biographers that chose to write about Julius Caesar. In fact a famous ancient writer named Plutarch depicted Julius Caesar as a power-hungryRead More Julius Caesar Essay: Decision Making in Julius Caesar862 Words   |  4 Pages Decision Making in Julius Caesar nbsp; Making the right decisions is an ongoing struggle for man, because making decisions is never easy, and the wrong decision can lead to endless perils. Decisions must be made when dealing with power, loyalty, and trust. Yet, unlike other decisions, ones that are about these three fields are the most important, due to the risk involved, and because of the consequences that might follow. nbsp; Power- power is the complete domination of others, andRead MoreEssay On Julius Caesar1650 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction- Julius Caesar was a dictator of Rome in 47 BC, and then in 44 BC, he was appointed dictator for life.But really, who was Julius Caesar? Who is this man that was murdered because of his poor leadership? Some historians may believe that Julius Caesar did things that was for the benefit of Rome, and that he made Rome more powerful in a strong way. I understand why some people think that he was a good person, he did do things to benefit Rome. For one thing, he supposedly did give rightsRead MoreEssay on Julius Caesar951 Words   |  4 PagesEarly life Julius Caesar was born on July 13, 100 B.C. Though he was a descendent of the oldest patrician family, Julius Caesar grew up in a very poor district of Rome called Subura. As a child, he studied martial arts, history, and law (â€Å"Julius Caesar†). At the age of seventeen, Julius married Cornelia, the daughter of Luciussulla, who was a dictator of Rome. Because Luciussulla did not approve of the marriage, he tried to force the two to divorce, but they both refused. Julius Caesar studiedRead MoreJulius Caesar : A Hero1586 Words   |  7 PagesJulius Caesar: A Hero â€Å"I love the name of honor, more than I fear death,† a quote said by one of the most famous Roman leaders named Julius Caesar. Julius Caesar was born in July 100 BC and he died on March 15, 44B.C. Caesar was a general, politician, and a dictator. Caesar was loved by many people for guiding them and providing safety for them, but he was also hated by a countless number of people. That hate ended up in him being murdered. He gave Rome hope for a better future and a promiseRead MoreThe Death Of Julius Caesar1106 Words   |  5 Pages the death of Julius Caesar became the most famous assassination in history. The death of Julius Caesar is placed in full context of Rome’s civil wars by eminent historian Barry Strauss. Moreover, the assassination itself was a complexly layered plan that was a direct result of Caesar’s power and leadership choices leading up to the fateful day. These key events leading up to the Ides of March—and the aftermath that follo wed—are important to understanding the immense effect Caesar s death had onRead MoreThe Downfall Of Julius Caesar1087 Words   |  5 Pages Augustus paper In his seventy sixth year Julius Caesar was assassinated by several senators on August 19, 14 CE. (Mellor 1). After Julius Caesar’s death, Antony (one of Caesar’s closest advisors) was expected to rule after him, but little did anyone know that Caesar was very fond of his nephew who voyaged with him on several missions and secretly adopted this fellow who went by the name of Gaius Octavius. (Mellor 6) Octavius would soon go by the name Augustus and become one of the greatest leadersRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Julius Caesar1050 Words   |  5 Pagessaid â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† I agree wholeheartedly with this statement. Evidence that supports this claim can be found in both Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Tragedy of Julius Caesar† and in the modern day example of Malala Yousafzai. In Julius Caesar, Mark Antony uses words to convince the citizens of Rome that Caesar was a successful leader and not someone they should celebrate the death of. Also, the conspirators use words to convince Brutus to join their cause. Without Brutus, the plan never

Marketing Development Strategy Essay free essay sample

Abstract The advent of Toshiba into the computer market led to a question mark being placed by many gurus of the IT industry. With relatively few products to offer and little prior experience of anything remotely close, Toshiba had to create a target market by segmenting a portion of the market. According to Kotler, marketing is all about knowing the customer. Toshiba did get to know its customers but more importantly was able to draw the right strategy from its observations. This paper discusses some of the marketing development strategies that can effective for positioning Toshiba in a market where giants like HP, IBM and Dell reign the consumer world. Introduction Marketing Segmentation seeks to cater to a specific clientele and aiming to satisfy them in the most comprehensive way. Toshiba’s market Strategy Development includes catering to a niche market where competitors haven’t yet been able to provide a sound solution. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Development Strategy Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Toshiba’s market strategy seeks to cater to users with limited cash flow and at the lower level of the age bracket. This creates a better opportunity to create brand loyalty and creating a niche that the established competitors haven’t yet been able to achieve. Segmentation Marketing is all about knowing the needs of your customers and satisfying them better than your competition can. But that is not possible if the whole population is one’s target market. Keeping everybody happy is not possible (Kotler, 1994).The kind of marketing where all customers are treated as one and everybody is a potential customer, there is one marketing mix applicable to all. This kind of marketing is called Mass Marketing. However in this case satisfying the customers in not always possible as the offering made will not be optimal for all customers. Target Marketing, on the other hand, decides which subcategory of consumers it will cater to and then works on specializing and catering to their market is segmented into a number of segments according to different variables like demographics, age, and lifestyle. It creates subgroups on the basis of differences found in the population and helps better satisfy potential customer’s needs.Market segments should be identifiable, accessible, and substantial, there should be unique needs, and durable. The major bases for segmentation in consumer markets are: Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioralistic (Lettler, 2005) Target Market The target markets based on the segmentation that will be used for Toshiba America Information Systems Inc. will be in the Geographic as in it would be marketed to all continents but only to the rural population. In the demographic segmentation, it would be targeted to males and females within the age bracket of 16-30 which includes the younger generation. They will mostly be targeted towards students who are generally low end users and need a cost friendly solution to their problems. These are value conscious consumers who belong to the Generation Y. they are technology friendly but don’t have a stable substantial income. High school going and university students are the main target. Our main value proposition to them will be cost friendly solutions to their high tech requirements. The psychographic segmentation would be such that these are educated people who are intellectual and know and understand technology. In the behaviorist segmentation we should see that these users mainly buy because of need. They are not impulse buyers. They will gather all information and then proceed. They will need high specifications at low price (Yoon, 2008). Value Proposition These target markets will be most profitable for Toshiba as when targeting the younger generation they will be the ones who we can get brand loyalty from. If a good reputation is formed with them repeat purchases will be made. Another reason for targeting this segment is that with players like IBM, Mac, HP, and Intel in the market penetration is needed and this is a niche that has not been tapped into that well.One of the biggest players in this market is HP. HP offers one of the highest quality digital products but at a premium price. They do have lower priced products but then the specifications of those products are also very low. Toshiba will be providing its consumers with lower priced good specification options. Mac also offers good quality digital products but with very little variation and at a very high premium price. They are also difficult to use and not any people know how to troubleshoot and fix Mac problems. This market will be most profitable for Toshiba as this generation is still not very brand loyal, is increasingly growing, their income is increasing. Toshiba will be providing young consumers with a pocket friendly option with specifications to fit their requirements. Now the students who were initially unable to afford digital products can afford them, what better way to create loyal customers? Positioning Statement To young students who need for their daily usage our digital products are a pocket friendly, durable, reliable, optimal specifications product that is competitively priced and solution to your problems. Conclusion Toshiba can penetrate into the Market of established competitors by targeting a niche as mentioned above that is the younger generation that is Generation Y. Market segmentation should be applied as mentioned in the marketing strategy where educated, urban population between the age brackets of 16-30 should be targeted where consumers need low cost products with good specifications. This creates a niche market for Toshiba and potential brand loyal consumers in the long run. References Yoon, S. (2008) A Site for Satisfied Eyes. Sales Marketing Management, Sep2008, Vol. 160 Issue 5February 25, 2010, Business Source PremierBiba, E (2008) The Secret of Toshiba’s Success. B to B; 8/11/2008, Vol. 93 Issue 11February 25, 2010, Business Source PremierLettler, D (2005) Marketing Strategy. Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marketing; 2005February 25, 2010, Business Source PremierKotler, P (1994) Segmenting to Win. Potentials in Marketing; Jun94, Vol. 27 Issue 6 February 25, 2010, Business Source Premier

Othello Essay Essays - Othello, Iago, Michael Cassio, Roderigo

Othello Essay In Shakespeare's Othello, the character Iago, Othello's lieutenant, is the cause of all the tragedy which comes to pass as the play progresses. Iago is the antagonist of the play, but rather than being the direct opponent to the tragic hero, Iago is a manipulator, opposing Othello not directly but through other characters whom he tricks into acting for him. In the first scene of the play, Iago gives the audience warning that he is not all that he seems when he says, I am not what I am. (I,i,65) He is first seen in this scene appearing to help Roderigo, a suitor to Desdemona, who has run off with Othello, the Moorish general of the Venician army. Iago hates Othello for another reason. Instead of choosing him to be his lieutenant, Othello chose Cassio, another foreigner, and relegated Iago to the position of his ancient. When Roderigo asks why Iago continues to serve Othello, in spite of how the general has treated him, Iago replies, I follow him to serve my turn upon him. (I,i,42) He goes on to give an example of how he intends to serve him, by acting like the perfect servant, while secretly enriching himself, and later says, In following him, I follow but myself. (I,i,58) From this, one might think that he is still fairly straightforward in his plans, that he merely intends to betray Othello at some later date. However, in the third scene, he shows the audience his ability to manipulate people, when he convinces Roderigo to follow him to Cyprus and to bring all of his money, presumably to win back Desdemona. After Roderigo has left to do what Iago has suggested, Iago says, Thus do I ever make my fool my purse. (I,iii,37 y9) Later, in Act IV, we find that Roderigo has been giving jewels to Iago to give to Desdemona, which Iago, it is implied, has sold for his own uses. Thus, it is seen that Iago is merely using Roderigo to further his own ends, just as he said he was only serving Othello to serve himself. Also at the end of the third scene, Iago sets forth his plan to take Cassio's position, by telling Othello that his lieutenant . . . is too familiar with his wife. (I,iii,402) It also comes out in this speech that he suspects Othello of committing adultery with his wife. Near the end of the first scene of the second act, Iago convinces Roderigo, who was observing Cassio's enthusiastic greeting of Desdemona, that Cassio and Desdemona have something going on between them. Thus manipulating Roderigo through his passion for Desdemona, Iago convinces him to provoke Cassio to anger, so that the lieutenant will be discredited in Othello's eyes and Iago can take his position. At the end of this scene, he again makes reference to his role not being what it seems: Knavery's plain face is never seen till us'd. (II,i,324) In the last scene, after Othello has killed Desdemona, all of Iago's schemes are revealed by his wife, who was his unwitting accomplice in his schemes. After she has betrayed him, he kills her and flees, only to be caught and brought to justice. Othello's flaw, as Iago pointed out, was that he was ? of a free and open nature,/That thinks men honest that but seem to be so,/And will as tenderly be led by the nose/As asses are. (I,iii,405-408) Thus, Iago's scheming and roleplaying character made it easy for him to manipulate Othello, which led to Othello's fall. From his actions in the play, one sees that Iago is a gifted manipulator of other people who uses underhanded schemes, manipulation of others, and betrayal at appropriate times. Thus, one could say that the whole play is a parable showing the vile success such tactics bring, and also showing the reward awaiting those who use them. Hence, Iago in Othello is a schemer and manipulator, who causes the deaths of all of the virtuous characters in the play while attempting to advance his position and revenge himself upon Othello for a rumoured affair with his wife. He is portrayed by Shakespeare as a completely unsympathetic character. Book Reports

nuclear weapoms essays

nuclear weapoms essays The concideration of Nuclear war, supplimented by bomb testing, with its detrimental effects on the environment, is morally shameful and politically foolish. Every child knows that in a nuclear war there can be no winners. Deterrence is cited as a reason for deployment, but history has repeatedly shown the opposite to be true. Nations that promote the production or deployment of these evil weapons of mass destruction whether it is by the USA, China, India or any other country deserves to be criticised at least on moral grounds. Even if the overall judgment is that such considerations must be subordinated to national security concerns. America was the first ones to acquire the bomb and therefore have no moral right to complain. America was not only the first to make the Bomb, it is the only country to have used it. On August 6, 1945, a nuclear bomb with the cheerful name of Little Boy fell on Hiroshima. By today's standards, it was a tiny bomb, yet in flattened a large city and roasted 70,000 people within seconds of its explosion. The immediate victims were the lucky ones. Others died in horrible agony during the days that followed, or survived only to spend the rest of their lives in pain and anguish. The Western public has been told over and over again that this otherwise regrettable incident was necessary to bring the Second World War to an end. But enquiring historians know better. If the purpose was to persuade Japan to surrender, it would have been enough to demonstrate the power of the nuclear bomb by dropping it, say, in the Bay of Tokyo, or on some military installation. Instead, the bomb was immediately dropped on a large city. The real motive for this monstrous crime, judging from facts, was less to end the war than to avenge Japan's earlier attack on Pearl Harbour. The argument that nuclear weapons are strictly defensive was invented by the Americans to justify their nuclear weapons, after the Soviet Union s...

5 Types of Parallel-Structure Errors

5 Types of Parallel-Structure Errors 5 Types of Parallel-Structure Errors 5 Types of Parallel-Structure Errors By Mark Nichol Writers often have difficulty constructing sentences so that comparisons, contrasts, and lists, as well as parenthetical elements, are logically arranged. The following five sentences demonstrate various syntactical miscalculations; discussions and revisions follow each example. 1. Technology is transforming virtually every industry, changing not only how firms operate internally and engage their customers, but also challenging the underlying business models of entire industries. When a single verb applies to both elements in a statement that employs a â€Å"not only . . . but also† construction, it must precede â€Å"not only.† Here, however, technology changes one thing and challenges another, so the two verbs are parceled out individually to â€Å"not only† and â€Å"but also† and must therefore follow those respective phrases: â€Å"Technology is transforming virtually every industry, not only changing how firms operate internally and engage their customers but also challenging the underlying business models of entire industries.† 2. He wasn’t aiming for realism but drama. Here, a similar construction is necessary to convey a contrast. The conclusion in this sentence of â€Å"but drama† is an awkward, incomplete addition, and to be parallel, the negating adverb not must follow the verb phrase â€Å"was aiming† and the for preceding one noun must be matched by a duplicate before the other noun: â€Å"He was aiming not for realism but for drama.† 3. Like other social media companies, it uses a variety of tools, including spam-fighting technology, automatic identification as well as reports from users, to help combat abuse. â€Å"As well as† is not a substitute for and as a link between the penultimate and final items in a list; it signals a transition from a list to a dependent clause (or, in this case, opens a parenthetical phrase, which is merely an interruptive dependent clause): â€Å"Like other social media companies, it uses a variety of tools, including spam-fighting technology and automatic identification, as well as reports from users, to help combat abuse.† 4. He made his mark both as a professional athlete and also as a philanthropist. In this sentence (and in any sentence), and and also are redundant: â€Å"He made his mark both as a professional athlete and as a philanthropist.† (Both is not necessarily required, but it emphasizes the juxtaposition of a professional athlete also being a philanthropist.) 5. He’s kidnapped by a masked stranger, drugged, and awakes in an unknown facility. For this sentence’s structure to be parallel, the matching verbs kidnapped and drugged must each have a helping verb (a form of â€Å"to be†- in this case, the contracted form of is), or and must replace the comma preceding drugged to indicate that it shares the helping verb with kidnapped: â€Å"He’s kidnapped by a masked stranger and drugged and awakes in an unknown facility.† Note that the second comma has also been omitted; the phrase that begins with awakes- which, because it is in present tense, needs no helping verb- has no subject and is therefore not an independent clause, so no punctuation is required. (The grammatical rule against punctuating in such cases could be relaxed to imply a pause.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsAt Your DisposalContinue and "Continue on"

Annotated Bibliography for Utilitarianism in the health care system Essay

Annotated Bibliography for Utilitarianism in the health care system - Essay Example The book further illustrates that utilitarianism leads to maximization of the common goods. In this case, the author uses the word â€Å"good† referring to optimal achievement that all members of the society tend to receive in matters related to health. This situation emerges because of various political interests and agendas in the health care system. Moreover, the book further discusses that the utilitarian perspective does not support the desired good in the healthcare system. This means that the utilitarianism does not support access to affordable and essential health care services. This is because utilitarian perspective tends to concentrate much on the policy priorities. Another significant issue discussed in the book is the fact that the concept utilitarianism is far behind access to recommendable healthcare services. This is because individuals tend to put their personal priorities ahead of health issues. This book tends to be of significant important in relation to the issues associated with utilitarianism especially in the health sector. The book will be of significant help in my research work because it supports the fact utilitarianism is not of any importance in the health sector. Utilitarianism only indicates negative outcomes especially in relation to health

Comparison & Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Comparison & Contrast - Essay Example The Play Intense cologne, on the other hand, is created using fragrances from patchouli, mandarin, bergamot, vetyver, coffee flower, Tonka bean, Caribbean Amyris wood, and pink pepper. This creates a strong, dynamic, and a little offbeat essence that can be worn to momentous events. Both of these brands of cologne contain mandarin orange and bergamot, which gives them a citrus scent. However, Play Intense has a milder citrus scent as compared to Play. The stronger citrus scent in the latter may be attributed to the added presence of grapefruit and bitter orange aside from the mandarin orange contained within it. The smell of Amyris wood is much stronger in Play Intense that in Play. Moreover, the Tonka bean, which is not a fragrance present in Play, can be noticed in Play Intense. Both of these brands of cologne contain vetyver and patchouli, which gives them a woody, earthy, and herbal scent. The patchouli also contributes an exotic and musky scent for both Play and Play Intense. The Play brand has an aroma of black pepper while Play Intense has the pink pepper aroma. In Play intense, the pink pepper provides a mild, pleasantly, sweet fruity, scent with a bit of spicy whiff in it. One would say that Play Intense strengthens the woodsy side of the cologne while toning down the citrus essence. Play, on the other hand, tones down the woodsy side and instead intensifies the citrus aroma. Play Intense is categorized as oriental-spicy while Play is categorized as citrus-fruity. These two colognes are similar in scent strength because both of them are considered to have a moderate fragrance. The target market of Play is college students or those males who are between the ages of 17 and 30. In contrast, Play Intense is targeted towards those males who are more mature, their age ranging from 30 onwards. Therefore, it can be

Huxley - lowry Essay Example for Free

Huxley lowry Essay The similarities between the societies in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World and Lois Lowrys The Giver are extraordinary, but at the same time, are significantly different. The underlying concept is the same: both stories take place in the future where happiness is the societys ultimate goal. Individuals in both societies are conditioned and genetically engineered to be happy and content, and emotions are repressed or eliminated entirely. The stories are set in technologically advanced futures where it is possible for things like cloning, genetic selection, and brainwashing to control the populace. Brave New Word is set about 600 years from the present where the whole of human society is dominated by World Controllers whose main goal is ensure the societys happiness and stability. The fundamental principle behind this society is utilitarianism, which seeks to attain the maximum level of overall happiness of every individual. This was achieved by limiting the persons intelligence and scope of emotion to match his or her job or social status. The people are also socially conditioned by drugs and constant brainwashing. Drug-induced happiness though the substance soma, is the social norm. It is a society that permits hedonism and sexual promiscuity, but does not allow the concept of love and family to exist. The utilitarian goal is to make the society â€Å"happy† and thus be more efficient. It aims to create social stability by ensuring that limitations are placed on the abilities of each individual. In The Gift, the people are genetically engineered not to see color and distinguish music. In addition to that, the â€Å"Sameness† of every individual is the goal that was to be attained. Both The Gift and Brave New World portray highly structured societies where there is no place for genuine love and family in its truest sense. However, family and childhood arrangements are portrayed differently: in Huxleys novel, there are no â€Å"families† or definite partners but there exists a caste system, as opposed to Lowrys novel wherein families are created by matching up men and women based on personality. In both cases, the members of the society have no control over their lives and their futures are decided by others. This is definitely not a beneficial arrangement in the context of living a full, purposeful life. For example, in Brave New World, the population was controlled through technological interventions that actually change what they want in life. Embryos were conceived, in assembly lines wherein each one is engineered with qualities that would give them a predetermined role in society. When people are living happy lives where pain and anguish are eliminated, both societies in Brave New World and The Giver seem ideal at first glance. War, poverty, and ugliness, and in the case of The Gift, even memories have been eliminated and everyone seems to be permanently happy. Who does this kind of society benefit? In Brave New World, the people are trained to become good consumers and workers to keep the economy strong. A caste system where every individual is contented with their designated caste is created to ensure the functioning of the society. In The Gift, people are assigned their own roles in the community, including their partners and children. This is beneficial to society as a whole in a sense that the arrangement easily maintains its existence without trouble. In a superficial level, it looks like the human race is better off being â€Å"happy,† but in a deeper context, the ways by which this â€Å"happiness† is achieved robs the very of meaning of life. Life in those societies is cheap and without worth, since every person is replaceable. Existing just for the sake of it is not living at all—as Huxley succinctly quotes: â€Å"the purpose of life was not the maintenance of well being, but some intensification and refining of consciousness, some enlargement of knowledge. † The state of bliss has been attained by eliminating the very things that defined humanity—art, music, literature, philosophy, and all things that generate passion and emotion. This is definitely not beneficial to any society, and would not bode well within our own society today. The individuals in both novels have no genuine feelings—they are living a mindless, passionless existence. Ultimately, a society where individualism and creativity are frowned upon, where people do not make choices on their own, and live in false happiness is not a beneficial one to the individuals that comprise it and to humanity as a whole. Bibliography Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1998. Lowry, Lois. The Giver. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1993.

Affirmitive Action Essay -- essays research papers

The Facts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson issues an Executive Order 11246 requiring federal contractors to â€Å"take affirmative action† to ensure that they do not engage in discriminatory practices against workers because of race creed, color, or national origin. Two years later gender was added to the list. Affirmative action is the practice, usually by institutions or employment in government and business, of giving preference to racial minorities and women. The politics were originally developed to correct decades of discrimination and to give disadvantaged minorities a boost. The diversity of our current society as opposed to that of 50 years ago seems to indicate the programs have been a success. Now, many think the policies are no longer needed and that they led to more problems than they solve.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One particular kind of affirmative action is racial quotas, or deciding on a specific number or percentage of members of a given minority group that a company or institution had to accept. These racial quotas improved diversity to some degree, but was considered too crude by many people. Now affirmative action usually involves involves using race, gender, socioeconomic background, and/or sexual orientation status as a positive factor in hiring or admissions decisions. Supporters   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George E. Curry, a strong supporter of affirmative action (AA) knew it would happen when anti-affirmative action supporters would begin to poke fun at the decision made by the Supreme Court on the University of Michigan landmark case. A group of Conservative students at Roger William University in Rhode Island is offering a Whites-only scholarship valued at only $250 each. In addition to Whites-only scholarship, other attempts at humor include so-called affirmative action bake sales. At Southern Methodist University in Dallas, for example, Young Conservatives of Texas offered cookies at different prices. White males were charged $1 for each cookie, white women were charged 75 cents for each cookie, Hispanics were charged 50 cent and African Americans 25 cents. Similar bakes sale were held at Columbia University, the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Texas, Northwestern University, the University of Michigan and the University of Indiana.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A ... ...till present discrimination today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But at the same time, minority students in top colleges are disproportionately from middle and upper-middle class backgrounds, this it true for white college students as well. AA does not cure all of America’s social ills, but it can help eliminate the gaps between the average incomes and educations levels of different races. I think AA should be applied to not only race but economic background as well. I think the current system is out dated on both ends of the argument. However since we will never live in a colorblind society, I believe that there should be monitors to make sure that all admission and hiring is done on the up and up. No discrimination and no reverse discrimination. Curry, G. E. (2004, March 1) Affirmative Action War Still Rages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retrieved June 25, 2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Http://georgecurry.com/columns/index1.shtml?id=1078378827 Connerly, W (2002, May 12) Ward Connerly and the American Civil Rights Institute Retrieved June 25, 2004  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mediatransparency.org/people/ward_connerly.htm

Opinions on Homosexuality Throughout World Religions Essay

In the development of every religion there are guidelines to living. In Judaism, it is the Mitzvah, in Buddhism it is the Buddha’s teachings and in Wicca it is the Book of Shadows. These rules demonstrate what should be done and what shouldn’t be done in the lifetime. Many religions in the world have different opinions on guidelines and this research essay will examine and compare the religious views on homosexuality and same sex marriages in the religions of Judaism, Buddhism, and Wicca. Judaism is one of the oldest religions in the world. The earliest written source of homosexuality in Judaism begins with the Book of Leviticus which is one of the five parts of the Torah. Orthodox Jews will argue the fact that the Torah forbids homosexual acts. â€Å"It states, â€Å"A [man] shall not lie with another man as [he would] with a woman, it is a to’eva† (Leviticus 18:22)† (â€Å"Homosexuality and Judaism,† 2004). In the past, if people were homosexuals it was a capital offense, and known as unnatural. If one was to have homosexual attractions their actions would be held accountable by God. Modern Orthodox Jews don’t care if homosexuality is a mental disease, or if you were born with it, they still believe that it is morally wrong no matter what the case is. Conservative Jaws are on the fence. They say according to the Halakha (Jewish Law) you should not judge homosexual relationships. Though the position of the conservatives is at the point where they know that homosexual relations is a violation of Jewish law they find it a less punishment just like breaking any other law many Jewish member violate such as eating non-kosher food. Therefore this leads them to believe there is no reason to view homosexuality as anything other than a Jewish law violation. The last category of Judaism is the Reform branch in North America. Reform Judaism does not prohibit rabbis and cantors as being homosexuals. In 1990, Central Conference of American Rabbis officially stated that regardless of their sexual orientation, they will fulfill their sacred occupation (â€Å"Homosexuality and Judaism,† 2004). Many of the points under this document support the equality of gays and lesbians and want to help legalize same-sex marriages. That is the wide variety of viewpoints that exist in Judai sm. In Buddhism there are a variety of opinions on homosexuality and same-sex marriages as well. Buddhists are required the follow the five percepts, which include abstaining from harming living beings, sexual misconduct and false speech. In Buddhism there is no scripture in which it states that homosexuality is a wrong thing to do but usually is considered the third percept (sexual misconduct) by the Dalai Lama. A Buddhist author wrote, â€Å"†¦where the sexual act is an expression of love, respect, loyalty and warmth, it would not be breaking the third percept† (â€Å"Homosexuality and Buddhism,† 2006). This quote goes against the Dalai Lama’s opinion and explains that whether the love is heterosexual or homosexual; love is love, and as long as they are not committing adultery, it isn’t against their religion. Dalai Lama, the leader of Tibetan Buddhism would say homosexuality is wrong and is considered part of sexual misconduct. Dalai Lama states in an interview, â€Å"†¦the purpose of sex in general is for procreation, so homosexual act does seem a bit unnatural† (â€Å"Homosexuality and Buddhism,† 2006). In Theravada Buddhist countries, they do not practice homosexuality. They believe that it is a punishment for being heterosexual unfaithful in a past life (karma). This illustrates that the Buddhist religion fosters a wide variety of opinions on homosexuality. Wiccan is a modern western religion having to do with witchcraft. The traditions of Wiccan do not usually accept homosexuality however modern day Wiccan followers do accept it. The traditional belief is that the magical energy developed between heterosexual relationships is not present in a homosexual one. The traditional followers believe that a man and a man or a woman and a woman cannot create a tension so strong to be able to generate magic; this was at the time of the life of Gerald Gardner. The theory of Gerald was that heterosexual men are dominant/projective and all females were passive/receptive (â€Å"The wiccan way.†). Modern day thinking is that each gender can be either projective or receptive which can give homosexuals the same amount of power as heterosexuals have. Therefore the Wiccan way does accept homosexuality in modern day, but in the past it was not accepted due to lack of ability to generate magic in the traditional way. These three religions are considered very different in many ways. Judaism is the oldest religion and uses scriptures as the history and law of their religion. Buddhism is a branch of Hinduism and uses the Buddha teachings as the way of life. Wicca is witchcraft and looks upon the Book of Shadows. Wiccan is the only religion in modern day that accepts homosexuality and same-sex marriages unlike Judaism who completely reject the idea from what their ancient scriptures states. Buddhism is the one in the middle; they believe that it is unnatural because of common sense but don’t necessarily forbid it to occur. Throughout history, opinions can change. Sometimes they change in religion like the Wiccan way, or sometimes they can stay exactly the same, like throughout Judaism. This research essay examined each of these religions including Buddhism on the topic homosexuality and same-sex marriages. Bibliography Gardner, Gerald. (1954). Witchcraft Today. London: Rider. Homosexuality and buddhism . (2006). Retrieved from http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/buddhism.htm Homosexuality and judaism. (2004, May 24). Retrieved from http://www.religionfacts.com/homosexuality/judaism.htm Homosexuality in wicca (and paganism too.) . (2010). Retrieved from http://www.wiccantogether.com/forum/topics/homosexuality-in-wicca-and Moonfyre, A. (2002). Wiccan book of shadows. Retrieved from http://www.wiccanbookofshadows.50megs.com/index.html Pearsall, J., & Trumble, B. (2002). The Oxford English reference dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Robinson, B. A. (2010, July 05). Buddhism and homosexuality . Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_budd.htm

Imprisonment In This Way For The Gas English Literature Essay

Imprisonment: it can take many signifiers, traditional imprisonment in a penitentiary, a non actual signifier of feeling imprisoned by being impoverished, and the actual signifier, a concentration cantonment. But the signifier that is rather misunderstood and undertaken is imprisonment in literature. Imprisonment in literature can germinate and stem out so many different ways. You could depict the life of a concentration cantonment victim, to a immature male child trapped by his parents in his place, or a immature adult male populating up in trees. This signifier of imprisonment is the most unostentatious signifier of seeing imprisonment, although many plants of literature show us how their characters are imprisoned. Its dry how a adult male sitting in a prison will read a fresh, or aggregation of short narratives, who might non be in the same state of affairs as him, but understand what is traveling on to him, that imprisoned supporter. Tadeusz Borowski and Italo Calvino have master fully incorporated and portrayed the motive and subject of imprisonment into their plants This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen and Baron In The Trees severally, along with enticing and elaborate enunciation, their plants make for great literature. This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentleman, is written by a Polish Holocaust subsister Tadeusz Borowski, and is the rubric piece and first narrative of his aggregation of short narratives. Borowski was non one of the Jews, but a poet who suffered from depression. For this ground, the Nazis had sufficient ground to confine him at Auschwitz and Dachau because he was considered a political captive. Borowski ‘s positions toward his fellow captives and the Nazis were reasonably different than usually seen by concentration cantonment subsisters, chiefly because he was non Judaic. Harmonizing to Karen Bernarda, â€Å" it was n't that Borowski ‘s viewed his captivity in any more positive footings than the Jews with who he was imprisoned with, but he does non look to be able to divide the captives and the Nazis into scoundrels and victims. † In the narrative, This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen, the storyteller Tadek, has become a member of a group called â€Å" Can ada † , which was responsible for rummaging through the Jews single properties in hunt of any concealed hoarded wealths they can salvage. Tadek, nevertheless, does in fact know that most or all these people coming off the trains are traveling to be sent to the gas Chamberss, and yet decides non state them this. During this clip, nevertheless, Tadek feels profound indignity about his occupation, but he besides believes the Jews are the 1s responsible for their imprisonment in the concentration cantonments, and besides feels it was the heartsick Jews who have destined him to experience ashamed of himself. Borowski says, â€Å" [ aˆÂ ¦ ] I am ferocious, merely ferocious with these people-furious because I must be here because of them. I feel no commiseration. I am non regretful they ‘re traveling to the gas chamber. Curse them all! I could throw myself at them, crush them with my fists. ( Borowski 116 ) † The unjust statement that Tadek is seeking to demo is that even the concentration cantonment captives who worked for the Nazis suffered every bit much as the Jews did, even though they were a*llowed to last. Bu*t they were besides forced to wo*rk for the Nazis which was, for Borowski, even more dehumanizing than being allowed to decease. Captive workers were forced to transport dead Jews to the crematory, every bit good as informant countless other sickening and ugly Acts of the Apostless. Not merely is Tadek imprisoned physically, he is imprisoned mentally every bit good. Just the sheer fact that person is running your life, and non allowing you do your ain determinations or picks, makes you experience as though you are an captive slave. If you were non mentally capable of taking this into consideration it was really improbable that you would hold survived in the Holocaust. It took a great trade of mental and physical strength to acquire through the imprisonment techniques of the Na zi government. Set in the peaceable vale of Ombrosa during the period of rational and societal agitation, Italo Calvino ‘s The Baron in the Trees relates the narrative of Cosimo Piovasco di Rondo , along with Cosimo ‘s brother Biagio, whom is the storyteller, provides the history and long standing tenseness of their household. Cosimo ‘s male parent, Baron Arminio, married the General of the War of Succession, Corradina. The Baron, who is â€Å" half-mad with a malicious run † , seems to mistreat his kids continuously ; and while Corradina is contending in the war on horseback it finally causes the kids to run rampantly, go brainsick, and finally non listen to their male parent. One twenty-four hours, when the Baron invites the Courts of France to tiffin at midday, Battista arrives with her new Gallic culinary art repast, snails. When Arminio forces Cosimo to eat the snails, it comes evident to Cosimo and the reader that he can no longer manage his male parent ‘s maltr eatment and shouting. Fling from the tabular array and ramping out of the house, Cosimo uses his ability to mount up a unrecorded oak tree in the backyard. In contrast to This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentleman, Cosimo escaped the imprisonment and rough jokes of his male parent in order to populate a better life. However, Cosimo was come ining into another captive life style, one in the trees. Bing that Cosimo is imprisoned in the trees, he is deprived of the points, pleasances, and chances that lie merely beneath him on the land, This would take one to the idea that your pick will pin down you, whether it be an experiential pick or non. Your pick will take to a different way, a way that has an unpredictable hereafter. Possibly an captive life style is merely inevitable. Possibly with every determination you make you are come ining more and more into the imprisonment of your ain life. Unknowing what will go on in the hereafter, Cosimo jumps out of the trees and into the hot air b alloon, he now becomes imprisoned within that hot air balloon for an unknown sum of clip. Harmonizing to Jessica Page Morrell, â€Å" Whatever your themes-abandonment, loneliness, anarchy, justness, the dangers of seduction-the scene can heighten these constructs. † In This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentleman, Tadeusz Borowski provides the grotesque, inhumane, scene of the Holocaust in order to supply a double penetration to the life of the Judaic and non-Jewish captives in the concentration cantonments. Borowski gives us a brief thought of how stray these cantonments were, and how he himself was isolated. Morrell states that â€Å" geographics and conditions are used most frequently as devices for isolation, † and being that these concentration cantonments were so far from any type of civilisation it is an first-class scene and topographic point for the short narratives. Right off Borowski starts his first short narrative with, â€Å" All of us walk around naked. The delousing is eventually over, and our stripy suits are back from the armored combat vehi cles of Cyclone B solution [ aˆÂ ¦ ] the heat is intolerable. The cantonment has been sealed off tight ( Borowski 29 ) . † This is a premier illustration of how scene enhanced the subject of imprisonment all while demoing the inhumane and unethical patterns used by the Nazis. The scene of Baron In The Trees is unvaried throughout the novel, but the chief scene would be in the trees. From the trees, Cosimo explained to his brother, he could see the Earth more visibly. Free from the dull modus operandi of an earthbound being, the Baron had antic escapades with plagiarists, adult females and undercover agents, and still had clip to read, and survey. Cosimo ‘s imprisonment, was non bad at all times, he got to bask some of the pleasance that people on the land have the award of making. The scene of Baron In The Trees non merely enhances the subject of the novel, but it besides develops a sense of topographic point that plays â€Å" an synergistic facet of the fictional novel that saturates temper and intending all while doing the reader rely on ocular and centripetal mentions ( Morrell 171 ) . † Harmonizing to the Merriam-Webster dictionary imprisonment agencies, to set in or as if in prison ; confine, and literature means inventive or originative authorship. When put together, the thoughts are implausible ; the writer takes the reader into a whole other universe. This Way For The Gas, Ladies and Gentelmen and Baron in The Trees, are two first-class plants of literature which portray the imprisonment of their several characters finely. Word Count: 1,454

analysis of the song Scarecrow essays

analysis of the song Scarecrow essays The Christian music industry is renowned for its many deep, thought provoking songs, but there is none whose lyrics capture my mind like the song Scarecrow, written and composed by the band Skillet. This song is a reflection of the writers perspective of his life as a scarecrow. The artist proposes that we as Christians need to surrender everything to Christ in order to gain a meaningful relationship with Him. The chorus is divided into three different sections, each showing the three essential elements pertaining to our walk with God. The first concentrates on the knowledge part of a persons relationship with God. The second entails the love and emotion that is involved. The last focuses on the servant aspect in our attempt to please God. The comparison of a scarecrow to the life of a human being seeking Christ may seem far-fetched to begin with, but careful evaluation of the wording in this song has shown many parallels. The first part of the verse refers the guilt and shame the scarecrow is dealing with. He feels alone in the world and is shameful of his dirty clothes which represent the sin in his unworthy life. This seems like the ideal analogy for the aimless, consumer driven lives of many lukewarm Christians in todays society. The distractions of life keep getting in the way of truly focusing on God, bringing about a sense of shame and worthlessness. The scarecrow, Safe enough to not let go, seems to have a sense of security in the known that prohibits him from letting go of everything and letting God take over. He is comfortable where he is and does not want to risk change. He also is fearful of the unknown as shown in the text, Scared enough to not release. He is not willing to sacrifice the safety of everything he knows to be true to venture into the unfamiliar. In the next line Open up to drink the wind, the &q...

100 Commonly Used Terms in English Grammar

100 Commonly Used Terms in English Grammar This collection provides a quick review of the basic terminology used in the study of traditional English grammar. For a more detailed examination of the word forms and sentence structures introduced here, click on any of the terms to visit a glossary page, where youll find numerous examples and expanded discussions. Abstract Noun A noun (such as courage or freedom) that names an idea, event, quality, or concept. Contrast with a concrete noun. Active Voice The verb form or voice in which the subject of the sentence performs or causes the action expressed by the verb. Contrast with passive voice. Adjective The part of speech (or word class) that modifies a noun or a pronoun. Adjective forms: positive, comparative, superlative. Adjective: adjectival. Adverb The part of speech (or word class) that is primarily used to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs can also modify prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and complete sentences. Affix A prefix, suffix, or infix: a word element (or morpheme) that can be attached to a base or root to form a new word. Noun: affixation. Adjective: affixable. Agreement The correspondence of a verb with its subject in person and number, and of a pronoun with its antecedent in person, number, and gender. Appositive A noun, noun phrase, or series of nouns used to identify or rename another noun, noun phrase, or pronoun. Article A type of determiner that precedes a noun: a, an, or the. Attributive An adjective that usually comes before the noun it modifies without a linking verb. Contrast with a predicative adjective. Auxiliary A verb that determines the mood or tense of another verb in a verb phrase. Also known as a helping verb. Contrast with a lexical verb. Base The form of a word to which prefixes and suffixes are added to create new words. Capital Letter The form of an alphabetical letter (such as A, B, C) used to begin a sentence or proper noun; an uppercase letter, in contrast to lower case. Verb: capitalize. Case A characteristic of nouns and certain pronouns that express their relationship to other words in a sentence. Pronouns have three case distinctions: subjective, possessive, and objective. In English, nouns have only one case inflection, the possessive. The case of nouns other than the possessive is sometimes called the common case. Clause A group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within a sentence (a dependent clause). Common Noun A noun that can be preceded by the definite article and that represents one or all of the members of a class. As a general rule, a common noun does not begin with a capital letter unless it appears at the start of a sentence. Common nouns can be subcategorized as count nouns and mass nouns. Semantically, common nouns can be classified as abstract nouns and concrete nouns. Contrast with a proper noun. Comparative The form of an adjective or adverb involving a comparison of more or less, greater or lesser. Complement A word or word group that completes the predicate in a sentence. The two kinds of compliments are subject complements (which follow the verb be and other linking verbs) and object complements  (which follow a direct object). If it identifies the subject, the complement is a noun or pronoun; if it describes the subject, the complement is an adjective. Complex Sentence A sentence that contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause. Compound-Complex Sentence A sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Compound Sentence A sentence that contains at least two independent clauses. Conditional Clause A type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real or imagined. A conditional clause may be introduced by the subordinating conjunction if or another conjunction, such as unless or in the case of. Conjunction The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. The two main types of conjunction are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Contraction A shortened form of a word or group of words (such as doesnt and wont), with the missing letters usually marked by an apostrophe. Coordination The grammatical connection of two or more ideas to give them equal emphasis and importance. Contrast with subordination. Count Noun A noun that refers to an object or idea that can form a plural or occur in a noun phrase with an indefinite article or with numerals. Contrast with a mass noun (or noncount noun). Declarative Sentence A sentence in the form of a statement (in contrast to a command, a question, or an exclamation). Definite Article In English, the definite article the is a determiner that refers to particular nouns. Compare to indefinite article. Demonstrative A determiner that points to a particular noun or to the noun it replaces. The demonstratives are this, that, these, and those. A demonstrative pronoun distinguishes its antecedent from similar things. When the word precedes a noun, it is sometimes called a demonstrative adjective. Dependent Clause A group of words that has both a subject and a verb but (unlike an independent clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence. Also known as a subordinate clause. Determiner A word or a group of words that introduces a noun. Determiners include articles, demonstratives, and possessive pronouns. Direct Object A noun or pronoun in a sentence that receives the action of a transitive verb. Compare to an indirect object. Ellipsis The omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader. Adjective: elliptical or elliptic. Plural, ellipses. Exclamatory Sentence A sentence that expresses strong feelings by making an exclamation. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, express a command, or ask a question.) Future Tense A verb form indicating the action that has not yet begun. The simple future is usually formed by adding the  auxiliary  will  or  shall  to the  base form of a verb. Gender A grammatical classification which in English applies primarily to the third-person singular  personal pronouns:  he, she, him, her, his, hers. Gerund A  verbal  that ends in  -ing  and functions as a noun. Grammar The set of rules and examples dealing with the  syntax  and word structures of a language. Head The keyword that determines the nature of a  phrase. For example, in a  noun phrase, the head is a noun or pronoun. Idiom A set expression of two or more words that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words. Imperative Mood The form of the verb that makes direct commands and requests. Imperative Sentence A sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a  statement, ask a  question, or express an  exclamation.) Indefinite Article The  determiner  an  or  an, which marks an unspecified  count noun.  A  is used before a word that starts with a  consonant  sound (a bat, a unicorn).  An  is used before a word that starts with a  vowel  sound (an uncle, an hour). Independent Clause A group of words made up of a  subject  and a  predicate. An independent clause (unlike a  dependent clause) can stand alone as a  sentence. Also known as the  main clause. Indicative Mood The  mood  of the verb used in ordinary statements: stating a fact, expressing an opinion, asking a question. Indirect Object A noun or pronoun that indicates to whom or for whom the action of a verb in a sentence is performed. Indirect Question A sentence that reports a  question  and ends with a  period  rather than a  question mark. Infinitive A  verbalusually preceded by the  particle  tothat can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Inflection A process of word formation in which items are added to the  base  form of a word to express grammatical meanings. -ing  Form A contemporary linguistic term for the  present participle  and  gerund: any verb form that ends in  -ing. Intensifier A word that emphasizes another word or phrase. Intensifying adjectives modify nouns; intensifying adverbs commonly modify verbs,  gradable  adjectives, and other adverbs. Interjection The part of speech that usually expresses emotion and is capable of standing alone. Interrogative Sentence A sentence that asks a question. (Compare with sentences that make a  statement, deliver a  command, or express an  exclamation.) Interrupting Phrase A word group (a statement, question, or exclamation) that interrupts the flow of a sentence and is usually set off by commas, dashes, or parentheses. Intransitive Verb A verb that does not take a  direct object. Contrast with a transitive verb. Irregular Verb A verb that does not follow the usual rules for verb forms. Verbs in English are irregular if they do not have a conventional  -ed  form. Linking Verb A verb, such as a form of  be  or  seem, that joins the subject of a sentence to a  complement. Also known as a  copula. Mass Noun A noun (such as  advice, bread, knowledge) that names things which cannot be counted. A mass noun (also known as a  non-count noun) is used only in the singular. Contrast with  count noun. Modal A verb that combines with another verb to indicate  mood  or  tense. Modifier A word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word group (called the  head). Mood The quality of a verb that conveys the writers attitude toward a subject. In English, the  indicative mood  is used to make factual statements or pose questions, the  imperative mood  to express a request or command, and the (rarely used)  subjunctive mood  to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact. Negation A grammatical construction that contradicts (or negates) part or all of a sentences meaning. Such constructions commonly include the  negative particle  not  or the contracted negative  nt. Noun The part of speech (or word class) that is used to name or identify a person, place, thing, quality, or action. Most nouns have both a singular and plural form, can be preceded by an article and/or one or more adjectives, and can serve as the  head  of a  noun phrase. Number The grammatical contrast between singular and plural forms of nouns, pronouns, determiners, and verbs. Object A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives or is affected by the action of a verb in a sentence. Objective Case The case or function of a pronoun when it is the direct or indirect object of a verb or verbal, the object of a preposition, the subject of an infinitive, or an appositive to an object. The objective (or  accusative)  forms of English pronouns are  me, us, you, him, her, it, them, whom, and  whomever. Participle A verb form that functions as an adjective.  Present participles  end in  -ing;  past participles  of  regular verbs  end in  -ed. Particle A word that does not change its form through  inflection  and does not easily fit into the established system of parts of speech. Parts of Speech The traditional term for the categories into which words are classified according to their functions in sentences. Passive Voice A verb form in which the subject receives the verbs action. Contrast with  active voice. Past Tense A verb tense (the second  principal part  of a verb) indicating the action that occurred in the past and which does not extend into the present. Perfect Aspect A verb construction that describes events occurring in the past but linked to a later time, usually the present. Person The relationship between a subject and its verb, showing whether the subject is speaking about itself (first personI  or  we); being spoken to (second personyou); or being spoken about (third personhe, she, it,  or  they). Personal Pronoun A pronoun that refers to a particular person, group, or thing. Phrase Any small group of words within a sentence or a clause. Plural The form of a noun that typically denotes more than one person, thing, or instance. Possessive Case The inflected form of nouns and pronouns usually indicating ownership, measurement, or source. Also known as  genitive case. Predicate One of the two main parts of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb. Predicative Adjective An adjective that usually comes after a linking verb and not before a noun. Contrast with an attributive adjective. Prefix A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning. Prepositional Phrase A group of words made up of a  preposition, its  object, and any of the objects  modifiers. Present Tense A verb tense that expresses action in the present time, indicates habitual actions or expresses general truths. Progressive Aspect A verb phrase made with a form of  be  plus  -ing  that indicates an action or condition continuing in the  present,  past, or  future. Pronoun A word (one of the traditional parts of speech) that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause. Proper Noun A noun belonging to the class of words used as names for unique individuals, events, or places. Quotation The reproduction of the words of a writer or speaker. In a  direct quotation, the words are reprinted exactly and placed in  quotation marks. In an  indirect quotation, the words are  paraphrased  and not put in quotation marks. Regular Verb A verb that forms its past tense and past participle by adding  -d  or  -ed  (or in some cases  -t) to the  base form. Contrast with an irregular verb. Relative Clause A  clause  introduced by a  relative pronoun  (​which, that, who, whom,  or  whose) or a  relative adverb  (where, when,  or  why). Sentence The largest independent unit of grammar: it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. A sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb. Singular The simplest form of a noun (the form that appears in a dictionary): a category of  number  denoting one person, thing, or instance. Subject The part of a sentence or clause that indicates what it is about. Subjective Case The case of a pronoun when it is the subject of a clause, a subject complement, or an appositive to a subject or a subject complement. The subjective (or  nominative) forms of English pronouns are  I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who  and  whoever. Subjunctive Mood The mood of a verb expressing wishes, stipulating demands, or making statements contrary to fact. Suffix A letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending. Superlative The form of an adjective that suggests the most or the least of something. Tense The time of a verbs action or state of being, such as past, present, and future. Transitive Verb A verb that takes a  direct object. Contrast with an intransitive verb. Verb The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being. Verbal A verb form that functions in a sentence as a noun or a modifier rather than as a verb. Word A sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single  morpheme  or a combination of morphemes. Word Class A set of words that display the same formal properties, especially their  inflections  and distribution. Similar to (but not synonymous with) the more traditional term  part of speech.

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Most Wanted Transportation Improvement - Essay Example Board saw the need to alert the public about the different safety regulations which have to be imposed and which have to be complied with in the transportation sector. The safety of Emergency Medical Services flights, more particularly the Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) flights were recently added to the list. The NTSB accurately pointed out that the mission of the EMS is to save lives; therefore, operating an EMS flight in an unsafe environment â€Å"just makes no sense† (Rosenker, as quoted by Air Safety Week, 2008). This most wanted improvement identified by the NTSB involves the â€Å"conduct of flights with medical personnel on board in accordance with commuter aircraft regulations† (NTSB, 2009). This improvement is also being described in terms of developing and implementing flight risk evaluation programs; requiring formalized dispatch and flight-following procedures plus up-to-date weather information; and installing terrain awareness and warning systems on aircrafts (NTSB, 2009). In 2006, the NTSB adopted the NTSB Special Investigation Report where they sought out to establish the importance of the EMS and of guaranteeing the safety of these flights. This report assessed EMS accidents from January 2002 to January 2005 and they were able to uncover about 55 EMS accidents during said time with 29 of these accidents preventable through corrective measures (SafeMedFlight, n.d). Most of these flights involved helicopters deployed by the EMS where, most recent figures registered a total of 35 casualties. The preventable nature of these accidents is an important indicator of the need to implement changes and improvements in EMS flights. The report above prompted the NTSB to seek the assistance of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in order for the latter to adopt measures in order to improve the safety of EMS flights. The NTSB was able to establish, during its investigation and assessments, that there seem to be less stringent

How do the courts deal with the battle of forms, where parties to an Essay

How do the courts deal with the battle of forms, where parties to an intended contract exchange forms containing mutually inconsistent terms - Essay Example ten negotiate through exchanging correspondence, with a series of counter offers as to price and the contract terms; this has been referred to as the â€Å"Battle of the Forms† (Beale, 2007). In considering this Beale in Chitty on Contracts underlines this problem and concludes: â€Å"Thus it is possible by careful draftsmanship to avoid losing the battle of the forms, but not†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. to win it. The most that the draftsman can be certain of achieving is the stalemate situation where there is no contract at all† (Beale, 2007). In order to address this legally, the courts have adopted the â€Å"last shot principle†, which was established in the case of Butler Machine Tool Co –v- Ex Cell-O-Corp ((1981) 24 BLR 94). According to this principle, the presumption is that the last offer which has been accepted without qualification will be determined as covering the conditions of the contract. This was confirmed in the recent case of Tekdata Communications Ltd v Amphenol Ltd ([2009] EWCA CIV 1209), which confirmed that there the general principle of the â€Å"last shot† wins was applicable unless there was unequivocal evidence of contrary intention. For example, in the Tekdata case itself the parties were in a production chain involving four companies producing aircraft components and at first instance, the trial judge departed from the last shot doctrine on the basis that the parties were part of a complex supply chain where prices were non-negotiable and the defendant did not suggest that its own terms and conditions were incorporated into the contract. However, the Court of Appeal rejected this rationale and held that â€Å"the context of a long term relationship and the conduct of the parties† may in certain circumstances be sufficiently strong to displace the usual â€Å"last shot wins† rule. Therefore, whilst the general principle is that the last shot wins, the course of dealing between parties may sometimes negate this and result in the terms and conditions

Nursing contribution to patients recovery after anesthesia Essay

Nursing contribution to patients recovery after anesthesia - Essay Example My reflection will be done mainly by applying specialist knowledge in the assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation in the caring for the perioperative patient in recovery. In light of this, it is intended that at the end of this essay I will have developed an explicit understanding of psychological, social and cultural influences affiliated with patient care in PACU and how to manage them and their various outcomes. My role as a recovery room nurse was to monitor and treat the post-anesthesia effects of a patient in a Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). Immediately after the surgery, I ensured that I provided constant care to the patient by following a certain time frame. I constantly checked and treated the patient after every few minutes, until the patient regained stability and was ready for transportation to a hospital room. Hatfield & Tronsons’ (2008) suggests that recovery nurses should ‘’treat the patient not to monitor’’ even to the point of discharge especially bearing in mind the type of anaesthesia the patient may have had, and keeping up to date with evidence based practice and changes that occur in practice in relation to how to manage these patients. Recovery room nurses should ensure that they learn during this period. The Post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) This is the recovery room where post-aesthesia management took place. The other names of this room are the post-anesthetic room (PR) or anesthetic room (AR). I used the room to perform several functions such as close observation of the patient’s vital signs in a more specialized way than in a normal hospital ward. I also provided treatment of post-operative illnesses such as post-operative nausea and vomiting and quick detection and response to any complications. The recovery area usually requires specialized conditions such as an emergency call system for the anesthetists and the nurse, temperature monitor devices and various equipments and drugs. The Royal College of Nursing (2005) suggests that nurses should make additional observations indicated by patient’s condition and according to your local hospital policy as this can improve practice and avoid adverse incidence occurring this promoting patient safety. The NMC code of conduct suggest that health care profession als must maintain a Continuous Professional Development Portfolio hence keeping their practice up to date throughout their working like NMC (2008). NICE Guidelines (2007) guidelines on how to change practice also stipulates that health care professionals can overcome barriers in practice by keeping their knowledge and skills update which is return ensures safer practice in patient care. The hospital staffs I worked with were highly skilled and trained in handling patients with post-anesthesia effects. The room was strategically located near the operating room to allow quick transportation after the surgery. Once patients recovered, I transported them to the main ward where they waited for orders for discharge or given further minor attention. Discharge of the patient from the hospital only takes place, if they regain complete recovery and stability (Royal College of Nursing, 2011). In the recovery room, I learnt that cooperation was necessary to ensure that the patients obtained max imum care. I ensured that I prepared adequately and worked with unity with other personnel to enable quick recovery of

Techniques of Spoofing Attacks

Techniques of Spoofing Attacks Spoofing is sending fake address of a transmission to gain entry which is illegal into a secure system. It is creates fake responses or signals in order to keep the session alive and prevent timeouts. It captures, alters, re-transmits a communication stream that can mislead the recipient. Hackers use it to refer especially to the TCP/IP packets of addresses in order to disguise a trusted machine. The term spoofing has spread all over the world. The term spoofing refers to stealing the passwords and personal information of a particular person from the internet. The word spoof came into existence by the British comedian Arthur Roberts in 1852.In the 19th century, Arthur Roberts invented the game spoof and thus the name. This game had the use of tricks and non-sense. The first recorded reference to this game in 1884 refers to its revival. Very soon the word spoof took on the general sense of nonsense and trickery. The word spoof was first recorded in 1889.[4] TYPES: Types of Spoofing covered are as follows: 1. E-Mail Spoofing 2. Caller ID Spoofing 3. SMS Spoofing 4. Website Spoofing 5. DLL Spoofing 6. IP Spoofing 1.1.1 Definitions: 1) E-Mail Spoofing: Basically email spoofing is of the type in which the sender address and other parts of the email are altered so that it appears as if it is sent from a different source 2) Caller id Spoofing: Caller id is the way of making fake calls to other people wherein the number of the sender appears as if he/she is calling from another number. 3) SMS Spoofing: SMS Spoofing allows us to change the name or number of the text messages appear to come from. 4) Website Spoofing: Website Spoofing is a method of misleading the people or perhaps the readers that the website has been made by some other organization or by some other known person. 5) DLL Spoofing: DLL code runs in the context of its host program, it inherits the full capabilities of the programs user with spoofing. 6) IP Spoofing: IP spoofing is the way in which the sender gets unauthorized access to a computer or a network by making it appear that a certain message has come from a trusted machine by spoofing the IP address of that machine. SECTION 2 EMAIL SPOOFING 2.1 INTRODUCTION: This is considered to be one of the most used techniques of spammers and hackers. They spoof their return e-mail addresses. That makes it look as if the mail has come from some other person. This is a form of identity theft, as the person who sends the email acts to be someone else in order to distract the recipient to do something. 2.2 OBJECTIVE: The objective of spoofed mail is to hide the real identity of the sender. This can be done because the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) does not require authentication. A sender can use a fictitious return address or a valid address that belongs to someone else. The mails that are spoofed can be very annoying, irritating and at times dangerous. Having your own address spoofed can be even worse. If the sender or probably the hacker uses our address as the return address, then our inbox may fill with receivers complaints as well as they might report us in the spammers as well. This type of spoofing can be very dangerous. 2.3 MOTIVES: These might be the possible motives of an attacker: 1. This is spam and the person who sends doesnt want to be subjected to anti-spam laws 2. The e-mail constitutes threatening or harassing or some other violation of laws. 3. The e-mail contains a virus or Trojan and the sender believes you are more likely to open it if it appears to be from someone you know 4. The e-mail requests information that you might be willing to give to the person the sender is pretending to be, as part of a social engineering. 2.4 PHISHING: Phishing is associated with Email spoofing. Phishing is the practice of attempting to obtain users credit card or online banking information, often incorporates e-mail spoofing. For example, a phisher may send e-mail that looks as if it comes from the banks or credit cards administrative department, asking the user to log onto a Web page and enter passwords, account numbers, and other personal information. Thereby obtaining the users confidential information.[2] 2.5 WORKING: This is the most easily detected form, in e-mail spoofing it simply sets the display name or from field of outgoing messages to show a name or address other than the actual one from which the message is sent. Most POP e-mail clients allow you to change the text displayed in this field to whatever you want. For example, when you set up a mail account in Outlook Express, you are asked to enter a display name, which can be anything you want, as shown in Figure 2.1. Fig 2.1:ÂÂ  Setting the display name in your e-mail client The name that we set will be displayed in the recipients mail program as the person from whom the mail was sent. We can type anything you like in the field on the following page that asks for your e-mail address. These fields are separate from the field where you enter your account name assigned to you by your ISP. Figure 2.2 shows what the recipient sees in the From field of an e-mail client such as Outlook. Fig.2.2ÂÂ  The recipient sees whatever information you entered When this simplistic method is used, you can tell where the mail originated (for example that it didÂÂ  notÂÂ  come from thewhitehouse.com) by checking the actual mail headers. Many e-mail clients dont show these by default. In Outlook, open the message and then clickÂÂ  View | OptionsÂÂ  to see the headers, as shown in Figure 2.3. Fig 2.3:ÂÂ  Viewing the e-mail headers In this example, you can see that the message actually originated from a computer named XDREAM and was sent from the mail.augustmail.com SMTP server. 2.6 PREVENTIVE MEASURES: Although legislation may help to deter some spoofing, most agree that it is a technological problem that requires a technological solution. One way to control spoofing is to use a mechanism that will authenticate or verify the origins of each e-mail message. The Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is an emerging standard by which the owners of domains identify their outgoing mail servers in DNS, and then SMTP servers can check the addresses in the mail headers against that information to determine whether a message contains a spoofed address. The downside is that mail system administrators have to take specific action to publish SPF records for their domains. Users need to implement Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) SMTP for sending mail. Once this is accomplished, administrators can set their domains so that unauthenticated mail sent from them will fail, and the domains name cant be forged. SECTION 3 CALLER ID SPOOFING 3.1. INTRODUCTION: This type of spoofing is all about changing the Caller ID to show any desired unidentifiable number on the persons caller id who receives the call [1]. Caller id spoofing is a way of calling someone without them knowing who actually the person is, by hiding the phone number from their caller id. It is also known as the practice of causing the telephone network to display a number on the recipientsÂÂ  Caller id displayÂÂ  which is not that of the actual originating station. Just asÂÂ  e-mail spoofingÂÂ  can make it appear that a message came from any e-mail address the sender chooses, Caller ID spoofing can make a call appear to have come from any phone number the caller wishes. Because of the high trust people tend to have in the Caller ID system; spoofing can call the systems value into question hence creating problems for various parties associated with it. NAMES OF COMPANIES THAT PROVIDE THE CALLER ID SPOOFING FEATURE: SpoofCard Phone Gangster StealthCard TeleSpoof 3.2 WAY TO MAKE TEXT DISPLAY ON CALLER ID DISPLAY: With the help of the Spoof Card, Stealth Card, TeleSpoof and many more we can make the text show up on the caller id display instead of number. We have to choose some text from the huge list of funny caller id text phrases and that text will be displayed as our phone number. Some texts are shown below in the image. Fig 3.1 Text that can be shown in the caller-id display 3.3 USES: Caller-id spoofing can be used in the following places: Doctor needing to disguise home number so that he doesnt get unwanted calls on his home number Worried spouse wanting to find the truth Calling back an unknown number to find out the unknown identity without revealing original number Hiding your location 3.4 METHOD: Caller ID can be spoofed in many different ways and with different well advanced technologies. The most popular ways of spoofing Caller ID are through the use ofÂÂ  VoIPÂÂ  orÂÂ  PRIÂÂ  lines. Other method is that of coping theÂÂ  Bell 202ÂÂ  FSKÂÂ  signal. This method, calledÂÂ  orange boxing, uses software that generates the audio signal which is then coupled to the telephone line during the call. The object is to deceive the called party into thinking that there is an incomingÂÂ  call waitingÂÂ  call from the spoofed number, when in fact there is no new incoming call. This technique often also involves an accomplice who may provide a secondary voice to complete the illusion of a call-waiting call. Because the orange box cannot truly spoof incoming caller ID prior to answer and relies to a certain extent on the guile of the caller, it is considered as much aÂÂ  social engineeringÂÂ  technique as a technical hack. 3.5 MOTIVES: Sometimes, caller-id spoofing may be justified. There are necessary reasons for modifying the caller ID sent with a call. These can be the possible places where caller-ids are spoofed: Calls that come from a large organization or company, particularly those companies that have many branches, sending the main number is a good option. Consider this example. A hospital might have the primary number 777-2000, and around 250 lines functioning inside the main building, and another 200 at the clinic that is located around 50 miles away. I t may happen that most of the numbers will be in the form of 777-200XX, but it might also happen that many of them have an unrelated and unidentifiable numbers. Therefore if we have all calls come from 777-2000, it lets the call recipients identify that the incoming call is a hospital call. Most of the calling-card companies display Caller IDs of the calling-card user to the call recipients. Many Business owners and dealers use Caller ID spoofing to display their business number on the Caller ID display when they are calling from a place outside the office premises (for example, on a mobile phone). Skype users have an option of assigning a Caller ID number for preventing their outgoing calls from being screened by the called party (Skype Caller ID in the USA is 000123456). Google application Google VoiceÂÂ  displays its users Google Voice number when the users make calls from the service using their landline numbers or mobile phones. Gizmo5ÂÂ  sends the users Gizmo5 SIP number as outbound Caller ID on all calls. Because Gizmo5 IDs are in the format 747NXXXXXX, it is possible to confuse calls made from Gizmo5 with calls made fromÂÂ  area code 747. Fig 3.2. Software for Caller id Spoofing SECTION 4 SMS SPOOFING 4.1 INTRODUCTION: SMS Spoofing allows us to change the name or number of the text messages a recipient would appear to receive. It replaces the number from which the text message is received with alphanumeric text. This type of spoofing has both legitimate and illegitimate applications. The legitimate manner would be setting your name or company name or the product name for or from which the text message is sent. So thereby the text message received will display the name or the company name or the product name and the purpose in the case for e.g. a product (publicising it) would thus be served. The illegitimate way would be when a person or a company would use the name of some other person or name or a product with the intentions of causing losses to the concerned. 4.2 MOTIVES: SMS Spoofing takes place when the user from sending end changes the address information so as to conceal the original address from reaching the user at the receiver end. It is done mostly to impersonate a user who has roamed onto a foreign network, needs to be submitting messages to the home network. Generally these messages are addressed to destinations that are beyond the range of home network with the home SMSC (short messaging service centre) being hijacked hence causing messages to be sent to other network 4.3. IMPACTS: Following are the impacts of this activity: 1) Due to the hijacking of the home SMSC, The home network can bring in termination charges caused by the delivery of these messages to interconnect partners. This is termed as quantifiable revenue leakage. 2) These messages can be of concern to the partners involved. 3) It is possible that it comes under the notice of the customer that he is spammed and the message sent maybe of personal, financial or political importance to the concerned person. Therefore, there is a risk that the interconnect partners might threaten to stop the home network from functioning until and unless a suitable remedy is found and properly implemented. Hence, the consequence of this would be that the Home subscribers will be unable to send messages into these networks. 4) While fraudsters generally use spoofed-identities to send messages, there is a risk that these identities may match those of real home subscribers. This implies, that genuine subscribers may be billed for roaming messages they did not send and if this situation does arise, the integrity of the home operators billing will be under scrutiny, with potentially huge impact on the brand itself. This is a major churn risk. 4.4 USES: A person sends a SMS message from an online computer network for lower more competitive pricing, and for the ease of data entry from a full size console. They must spoof their own number in order to properly identify themselves. A sender does not have a mobile phone, and they need to send an SMS from a number that they have provided the receiver in advance as a means to activate an account. 4.5 THREATS: An SMS Spoofing attack is often first detected by an increase in the number of SMS errors encountered during a bill-run. These errors are caused by the spoofed subscriber identities. Operators can respond by blocking different source addresses in their Gateway-MSCs, but fraudsters can change addresses easily to by-pass these measures. If fraudsters move to using source addresses at a major interconnect partner, it may become unfeasible to block these addresses, due to the potential impact on normal interconnect services. SMS Spoofing is a serious threat to mobile operators on several fronts: 1. Mischarging subscribers. 2. Being charged interconnects fees by the hubs. 3. Blocking legitimate traffic in an effort to stop the spoofing. 4. Assigning highly trained and scarce resources to tackle the problem 4.6 EXAMPLES: Messages sent from Google are sent with the Sender ID Google. Skype sends messages from its users with the mobile number they registered with. Note that when a user attempts to reply to the SMS, the local system may or may not allow the replying message to be sent through to the spoofed origin. A user who does not have a mobile phone attempts to sign up for a Foxy tag account, which requires an SMS from a phone number that the user registers with. A dynamically assigned number from an anonymous SMS service will not work because the user is not given the dynamic number in advance to register with. Fig 4.1 this picture above shows the process of sms spoofing. SECTION 5 WEB SPOOFING 5.1 INTRODUCTION: Website spoofing is a type of spoofing which creates a website or web pages that are basically run with the intention to mislead users into believing that the particular website is created by a different group or a different person. Another form of website spoofing is creating false or fake websites that generally have the same appearance and layout as the original website and tricking people into sharing their personal or confidential information with the false Website. The fake websites can have a similar URL as well. Another technique associated with false URL is the use of Cloaked URL.This technique uses methods of domain redirection or URL forwarding which convincingly hides the address of the actual website. Website spoofing is often associated with Phishing. It can also be carried out with the intention of criticizing or making fun of the original website or the website developer or fraud as well.[3] 5.2 CONCEPT: So we can say that web spoofing basically enables an attacker/spoofer to create a shadow copy of the entire World Wide Web. Accesses to this fake Web are monitored through the attackers system, which helps the attacker to keep a watch on all of the victims web-activities. These activities include passwords and personal information (bank account numbers). It can also happen that in the victims name, the attacker sends certain information to the web servers or send any kind of information to the victim in the name of any Web server. Basically, the spoofer controls everything The victim does on the Web. 5.3 CONSEQUENCES: As the spoofer or the attacker has complete control(observing capability as well as modifying capability) over any data that is transmitting from the victim to the web servers and also all the data transactions from the servers to the victim , the attacker can misuse this in many ways. Some of the misusing ways are surveillance and tampering. 5.3.1 Surveillance: The attacker can conveniently spy on the traffic, registering which pages and sites the victim visits or surfs as well as the content of those pages. For example, when the victim fills out a particular form on a particular site, the entered details are transmitted to a server. The attacker can record all these details, along with the response sent back by the server. And as we know, most of the on-line commerce is done using forms; this information can also give the attacker -the account passwords and other valuable data of the victim. This is highly dangerous. Surveillance can be carried out by the spoofer even if the victim has a so called secure connection to the web-server. So basically, even if the victims browser shows the secure-connection icon (usually an image of a lock or a key) . It can be possible that the attacker is still successful in his Surveillance. 5.3.2 Tampering: Surveillance is basically just observing and registering confidential data of the victim. The spoofer can also MODIFY any of the data that may be travelling in either direction between the victim and the servers. This is called Tampering. If there are any forms submitted by the victim to the web servers, the attacker can bring about changes in the data entered. For example, if a person is purchasing a certain product on-line, the spoofer can change the product details, product number, shipping address etc. The attacker can also change the data returned by a Web server, for example by inserting misleadingoffensive material to trick the victim or to cause problems between the victim and the server. Misleadingoffensive material to trick the victim or to cause problems between the victim and the server. 5.3.3 Using the Web: It is not really difficult to spoof the entire World Wide Web, even though it might seem to be difficult. The attacker does not really have to store all the contents of the Web. The Web in its entirety is available on-line; so the spoofers server just has to fetch the required page or pages from the real Web whenever it needs to provide a copy of that page on the false Web. 5.4 Working of the attack: For this attack to work, the main duty of the attacker is to sit between the victim and the rest of the Web. This arrangement of sitting between the victim and the web is called a man in the middle attack. 5.5 Method: One of the most frequently used methods for web spoofing is URL Rewriting. 5.5.1 Url Rewriting Once the attacker fetches the real document, the attacker rewrites all of the URLs in the document into the same special form by same spoofing technique. Then the attackers server provides the rewritten page to the victims browser. This is how URL rewriting is used for spoofing. 5.6 Protection: Web spoofing is one of the most dangerous and undetectable security attacks that can be carried out in the web-world today. But of course, there are certain preventive measures that can be taken: 5.6.1 Short-term protection: These are the steps to follow for short term protection: a) Disable JavaScript in your browser so the spoofer wont be able to hide the evidence of the attack; b) Your browsers location line should always be visible; c) Observe URLs displayed on your browsers location line, and make sure that the URLs always point to the server you think youre connected to. 5.6.2 Long-term protection: There is no fully satisfactory long-term solution to this problem. But few things that can be done: a) Changing browsers can help, so they always display the location line. But the users have to know how to recognise the correct URLs. b) Using improved Secured-connection indicators. Fig 5.1.The picture above gives an idea of how web spoofing is done SECTION 6 DLL SPOOFING Dynamic Link Libraries or DLL are software object modules, or libraries, linked into a program while it is running DLLs are a feature that allows programs to share common codes so as to help developers to make programs easily and efficiently.DLLs are extensively used in newer versions of Windows. Fig 6.1.This picture above is hardware id DLL 6.1 INTRODUCTION: DLL code runs in the context of its host program, it inherits the full capabilities of the programs user with spoofing. The DLL spoof causes a legitimate program to load a DLL with a Trojan horse instead of legitimate DLL. DLL spoofing can occur even if the legitimate DLL is beyond the attackers reach. Since when a program loads DLLs it searches through a sequence of directories looking for the required DLL. Spoofing occurs when the attacker succeeds in inserting the infected DLL-file in one of those directory in such a way that program finds it before it finds the legitimate DLL of the same name. Hence even if the file is write-protected or the attacker doesnt have access to the directory which contains the legitimate DLL then also he can attack the program. Whenever a user runs a program there occurs a linking algorithm which is used to find the file that holds the DLL. Usually it is the one with DLL suffix. Linking algorithm searches through three different categories: 1. Programs directory: It is the directory which holds programs file. 2. System directory: Contains a series of entries. As we have discussed earlier to spoof the user only needs to insert an infected or malicious DLL file into the working directory. If the infected DLL file has the same name as the legitimate DLL then the algorithm will link the fake DLL file to the otherwise trusted program. The infected DLL can then create a new process. It runs in the full capabilities of the user who runs the, it perform the task and request the original DLL file as asked by the user so as not to arouse suspicion. With the help of fake DLL the attacker can now do whatever task he want which is under the capabilities of the fake DLL. Among the three above mentioned directories, the program directory and the system directory are most vulnerable as the location is predefined. But in the case of working directory this task is hard to perform as the directory is set by the program only and hence its directory is unknown to the user. Fig 6.2 dependency walker 6.2. WORKING OF ATTACK: This is where the social engineering skills come into play. The attacker tries to convince the user to open a simple file. This simple file can be a image too and can be located at any remote place like http://. Now the victim (in this case our user) tries to open that file (in this case the image) through a preinstalled software on his machine like a image viewer. Now this image viewer is vulnerable by the binary planting attack. Now the image viewer may require a DLL file to load dynamically. As the full path name gas not been specified before hand, image viewer will give instructions to Microsoft Windows to search for the required DLL file in a particular order. Directories in order: Working directory The system directory The 16-bit system directory Windows directory Current directory Directories which are listed in PATH environment variables Usually Current directory is the directory in which the image viewer file is stored. Now the attacker has control over one of the directories which windows search for, and hence he will be able to place a malicious copy of the dll in that directory. In such a case the application will load and run the malicious DLL without verification. And now the attacker has gained full control of the affected machine, and now he will be able to perform all the unwanted actions on the machine such as hack into the existing account, create a new account, access important files on specific directories and more. In such a case web securities like firewall has become an essential instrument to block and prevent the downloading of such malicious files from a remote network location. 6.3 TARGETS: The easiest and the most obvious targets for DLL spoofing are the machines running on windows. As here the registry has not been properly updated with a safe-search order for loading DLLs. The safe-search order is not an issue for the PCs running on XP as there are few infectious program and registries which point to fake DLLs or the DLLs which do not even exist. Such program or entries are the real cause of spoofing in the case of XP. Trojans, web caches and email are some of the ways in which codes are placed in the file system. Since obviously having a misconfigured programs or the search path does not mean that the machine will start running malicious code. As we know this breach is more harmful then the DLL spoof as ordinary user can easily place malicious file in the current folder like in Shared Documents. So when another user with privileged rights opens the document in the same directory, then this directory will become the Current Directory for the machine it will search for the DLLs before the system directory and hence allowing the ordinary user to operate the machine with privileged rights. Now one may ask that simply placing the DLL in the shared directory or a web cache will not allow it to be loaded, for the DLLs to be loaded they must be kept in either of system directory, the application directory or a path provided by the application that tries to load the DLL. So the answer is that being able to write to system and application file space already implies administrator privileges so there would be no need for DLL spoofing. Hence it arises the need of online security against the spoofing and accessing to administrator privileges. Now one may ask that simply placing the DLL in the shared directory or a web cache will not allow it to be loaded, for the DLLs to be loaded they must be kept in either of system directory, the application directory or a path provided by the application that tries to load the DLL. So the answer is that being able to write to system and application file space already implies administrator privileges so there would be no need for DLL spoofing. Hence arises the need of online security against the spoofing and accessing to administrator privileges. 6.4 PROTECTION: Microsoft Windows install auxiliary services like FTP server, telnet and web server which are not critical. If those services which are not needed by the administrator are removed then the threat is reduced at once. Microsoft, which we already know seems to have greatest problem with spoofing, tries to solve this problem using their Microsoft Authenticode Certificates. Well Microsoft needs to update DLLs continuously as outdated DLL could be dangerous in this world of hackers.Now the question arises that how we know that this DLLs are updated. Microsoft solved this problem with Microsoft 2000, by digitally signing the drivers by Windows Hardware Quality Lab(WHQL) tests. The drivers that passed were given a Microsoft digital signature. As mentioned earlier, in the present time this signing is done with Microsoft Authenticode Certificates. An authorized signer is used for these purpose which is known as thwarted. In present time many designers came up with a variety of tamper resistance. They concluded that even though a particular approach may seem effective, only Microsoft would have the resources, scope and platform control to make it practical . Here are two concepts which contain handling of drivers: Protected Path: Specifically known as PVP (Protected Video Path) and PUMA (Protected User Mode Audio). These are the mechanism used to support DRM (Digital Rights Management) rules about safe content presentations. Protected Environment: It is a kernel mechanism to ensure that kernel-mode drivers are safe for protected contents. These drivers should be signed by Microsoft and must implement specific security functions. All the kernel-mode drivers should be signed to ensure there safe origin and also that they are not tampered with. New mechanisms like OCP (Output Content Protection) are used in the versions after Windows Vista. Though at higher level OCPs Protected Path and Protected Environment make sense but it includes great complexity, management process and supporting infrastructure. Also implementation of OCP means device drivers get numerous new security responsibilities. Going back to DLL, a new complexity is revocation. Authorization is not useful unless it can be revoked when a compromise is discovered. For this Microsoft runs a revocation infrastructure that distributes a Microsoft Global Revocation List to identify no longer authorized driver software. Software revocation is problematic because of potential effect on users who may suddenly be unable to play content through no fault of their own. So revocation is likely to occur well, only after updates are distributed. So we have seen that after all the measures used by Microsoft, there is a long window of content vulnerability SECTION 7 IP SPOOFING 7.1 INTRODUCTION: IP spoofing refers to the creation of Internet Protocol (IP) packets with a forged source IP address, called spoofing, with the p